So when talking about pulmonary edema, we mean when the lungs fill with fluid or blood. The burden of tb in many countries is compounded in those who have co infection with the human immunodeficiency virus hiv. In this lecture the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis has been discussed. People with the germ have a 10 percent lifetime risk of getting sick with tb. A color atlas of comparative pathology of pulmonary tuberculosis. Discuss the process of respiration in terms of ventilation, diffusion, and transport. Introduction understanding pulmonary anatomy and physiology is important and will help you to manage your patients oxygenation status. Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system duration. Pulmonary tuberculosis ptb is a highly contagious disease caused by bacterial infection of the lungs. Pneumothorax lung physiology pulmonary medicine youtube. Exudates occur when the pleura becomes inflamed and fluid is unable to pass through the membranes. Pulmonary tuberculosis nursing care management and study.
It is described as a chronic infectious disease caused by an organism called mycobacterium tuberculosis through droplet transmission, like coughing, sneezing, or if the person inhales the infected droplet. Addressing these key issues, a color atlas of comparative pathology of pulmonary tuberculosis introduces tb histopathology to the nonhistopathologists, students, scientists, and doctors working, learning, and teaching in the field of tb. Many questions related to the roles of lung anatomy, physiology and gas. Sep 24, 2017 pulmonary tuberculosis ptb is a chronic respiratory disease common among crowded and poorly ventilated areas. Compliance lungs are 100 xs more distendable than a balloon lungs increase in volume passively as chest cavity. Once is has invaded the pulmonary system, the bacterium destroys pulmonary tissue. Infectious droplet nuclei are generated when persons who have pulmonary or laryngeal tb disease. These anatomical structures work together to achieve two main goals. Serafino wania mbbs, mrcp, msc trop med pathophysiology inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to one of four possible outcomes. To determine patients with smearpositive pulmonary tuberculosis, three sputum samples were taken from every patient and were examined using direct microscopy and culture. The persistence of much ignorance in the pathogenesis of tb originates probably.
Tuberculosis case study tuberculosis respiratory tract. Currently, based on the physiology of the bovine lung, other consideration should be investigated before a final diagnosis of fog fever is recorded. This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has. Types of disorders that can cause exudative effusions include cancer, lymphoma, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, asbestosrelated diseases, and trauma. Tuberculosis tb is an infectious disease usually caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulmonary embolism refers to a blood clot or gas bubble that block a pulmonary artery and prevents blood from reaching a portion of the lung. Tuberculosis of lung or pulmonary tuberculosiscauses. Pathophysiology and microbiology of pulmonary tuberculosis robert l. This means the bacteria is easily spread from an infected person to someone else. The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the ghon focus, is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe.
Human physiology respiratory system flashcards quizlet. Tuberculosis a manual for medical students service. Introduction tb is caused by tubercle bacilli, which belong to the genus mycobacterium. Exam 20, questions and answers human anatomy and physiology. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in right lung. Pulmonary tuberculosis tb is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. However, smearpositive pulmonary tuberculosis in people with close household contact was 199. It is described as a chronic infectious disease caused by an organism called mycobacterium tuberculosis through droplet transmission, like coughing, sneezing, or if the person inhales the infected droplet it can be considered as primary or secondary infection depending on. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis and the infrequent generalized tuberculosis miliary with or without meningitis do not constitute sources of infection. Sep 03, 2019 get my notes in pdf files that are downloadable at s. Advances in genomics and molecular methods to analyze the m. Pulmonary tb is caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis m tuberculosis.
The organism that causes ptb is known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. Identify the functions of anatomical structures within the pulmonary system. Chapter 2 transmission and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Bovine emphysema is usually interstitial and a secondary condition. Empiric treatment starts with a 4drug regimen of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or streptomycin.
Oct 18, 2009 respiration physiology of respiratory system 16. Last updated on wed, 22 apr 2020 anatomy and physiology this infectious disease is caused by the bacillus bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosispulmonary fibrosis, black lung infant respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary tb attacks the lungs, however, extrapulmonary tb infections can. Tuberculosis tb is defined as a disease caused by members of the m. It contains 100 color photographs and illustrations that bring clarity to the information presented.
Tb is caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis. Through the pulmonary artery venous blood of the right ventricle goes to the lungs for oxygenation. Other possible locations include bones, joints, pleura, and genitourinary system 4. An important goal for bacterial physiologists will be to elucidate the physiology of m. Located inferior to the pharynx, it is formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoonshaped flap of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis. Pathophysiology of tuberculosis linkedin slideshare. In contrast to the systemic arteries, which carry blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body, the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood from the right ventricle into the lungs, are relatively lowpressure, thinwalled vessels. Pulmonary tuberculosis tb is a contagious, infectious disease that attacks your lungs. Physiology is based on the gross and microstructure. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease. Pulmonary tb attacks the lungs, however, extrapulmonary tb infections can affect other parts of the body.
Physiology tells us how the bodies of living organisms work. The lungs are pyramidshaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi. Compliance to treatment of those diagnosed with ptb is often necessary for cure. An acute or chronic infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, formation of granulomas with caseation, fibrosis, and cavitation. Pulmonary edema accumulation of fluid in the lungs. The pathological anatomy of pulmonary tuberculosis as. The main transportation of tuberculosis is via droplet infection and hence the most common site for the bacilli to spread to is the lungs.
The bacterium is an airborne bacterium that is highly contagious. All aspects of human physiology evolved in the thousands of inherited units of dna called genes. Learning the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis can often help people in the community prevent its spread. Chapter 2 transmission and pathogenesis of tuberculosis cdc. May 04, 2020 the usual treatment regimen for tb cases from fully susceptible m tuberculosis isolates consists of 6 months of multidrug therapy.
Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. He received the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Comparative anatomy, evolution, homologies and development may 22, 2012. Previous infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis is normally controlled by t lymphocyte response.
Department of histopathologymorbid anatomy, university of benin teaching. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Download this article as pdf more from the february 20 issue. Addressing these key issues, a color atlas of comparative pathology of pulmonary tuberculosis pdf introduces tb histopathology to the non. Integrating lung physiology, immunology, and tuberculosis. It results form excessive fluid passing from lung capillaries into the alveoli, which may be due to congestive heart failure.
Integrating lung physiology, immunology and tuberculosis. In 2006, the emergence of extensively drugresistant tuberculosis xdrtb was first reported. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 803k, or click on a page image. Archived from the original pdf on 6 september 2012. The most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis is lymphatic tuberculosis. Tuberculosis tb anatomy and physiology doctor steve abel. Mar 24, 2019 although tuberculosis most commonly shows as a pulmonary disease because this is where the infections appears there are other pathological disharmonies which affect other places of the body. Pulmonary means lungs and edema means swelling caused by fluid accumulation.
Tb infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis ept amounts to about forty percent 40% of the total. Tuberculosis tb or known as the white plague during the 19 th century, has inflicted the human race ever since. Knowledge of the pathology of human pulmonary tb gained by 150 years of study by many. Both structure and function must be studied at all levels from the cellular to the molecular to the intact organism. Aug, 2018 the larynx or voice box routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech structure. Immediate clearance of the organism latent infection the onset of active disease primary disease. Start studying human physiology respiratory system. The pathological anatomy of pulmonary tuberculosis as recorded by stereoscopic radiograms of the chest.
Symptoms of a pleural effusion can include shortness of breath, chest pain and cough. Respiration physiology of respiratory system 16 youtube. A color atlas of comparative pathology of pulmonary. Pathophysiology tuberculosis rvs chaitanya koppala 2.
Learning about the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis. Disorders linking humans with their animals february 20, 2017 a color atlas of comparative pathology of pulmonary tuberculosis january 20, 2017. Transmission of the disease is spread when a person with pulmonary tuberculosis sneezes or coughs, thus, releasing droplets into the air which is then breathed in by another person. Extrapulmonary tb occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although. Resistance to airflow in respiratory passages constriction increases resistance drag mainly in bronchi and bronchioles 2. The diaphragm is the flat, domeshaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic cavity. The pathological anatomy of pulmonary tuberculosis as recorded by. A color atlas of comparative pathology of pulmonary tuberculosis an annual death toll of 2 million, coupled with rising drug resistance, highlights the need for the development of new drugs, better diagnostics, and a tuberculosis tb vaccine. In 2006, the emergence of extensively drugresistant tuberculosis xdr tb was first reported.
The crosssectional area of the pulmonary artery is same as that of the aorta, but it is more elastic and distensible. Addressing these key issues, a color atlas of comparative pathology of pulmonary tuberculosis pdf introduces tb histopathology to the nonhistopathologists, students, scientists, and doctors working, learning, and teaching in the field of tb. Understanding pulmonary anatomy and physiology is important and will help you to manage your patients oxygenation status. Tuberculosis case study free download as powerpoint presentation. You can get tb by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person. Respiratory system, ziser, 2003 2 factors that affect pulmonary ventilation. Two phases of pulmonary ventilation involves diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pectoralis minor mucscle and the gas laws.
Failure of this process leads to reactivation of infection, chronic granulomatous inflammation in the lung and active tuberculosis leading to cavitating caseous necrotic foci in the lung parenchyma. Mar 28, 2018 pulmonary tuberculosis tb is a contagious, infectious disease that attacks your lungs. Pulmonary embolism refers to a blood clot or gas bubble that block a pulmonary artery and prevents blood from reaching a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis, respiratory track. Indian journal of clinical anatomy and physiology, apriljune, 2019. The pathological anatomy of pulmonary tuberculosis as recorded. Respiratory system anatomy and physiology nurseslabs.
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